If the intelligent system is likened to a “being,” then the sensor serves as its sensory apparatus. Diverse sensors discern the surrounding milieu and relay data to the system for computation, enabling real-time analysis, discernment, and response to the circumstances. As digital intelligence continues to advance, the utilization of various sensors has undergone significant expansion, exerting a profound influence on the enhancement of human existence. A plethora of sensors inhabit a smartphone: CMOS image sensors for capturing images, ambient light sensors for assessing environmental luminosity, geomagnetic sensors and gyroscopes for navigation… It is upon these sensors that the seamless operation of myriad applications hinges, transforming mobile phones into portable intelligent…